Using the transition state of a superconductor to produce energy

ABSTRACT

A method of using a superconductor to generate energy. The superconductor is alternated between a temperature above and below a critical temperature defined by a transition between the superconducting and non-superconducting state. The superconductor interacts with a magnetic field as the superconductor changes states. Energy is harnessed by coupling with the magnetic field as its strength fluctuates. The method would be particularly suitable for harnessing solar energy in space.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The invention pertains to generating energy using a superconductor, and in particular to generating energy by interacting the superconductor with a magnetic field and cycling the superconductor through its transition temperature.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Since the discovery in 1911 that mercury is electrically superconductive when cooled to 4° K., many materials have been shown to become superconductive below some critical temperature or transition temperature T_(c).

[0003] Superconductors are divided into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 superconductors tend to have a low T_(c) and the transition between the non-superconducting and superconducting state typically occurs over a temperature span of less than 1° K. Type 1 superconductors are mainly pure metals that conduct electricity at room temperature. All type 1 superconductors only become superconducting at temperatures within less than 20 degrees K. of absolute zero. Examples are tungsten (T_(c)=0.15° K.), titanium (T_(c)=0.40° K.), aluminum (T_(c)=1.175° K.), tin (T_(c)=3.72° K.) and lead (T_(c)=7.2° K.). All these values are at normal pressures. The type 1 material with the highest known T_(c) is sulfur, for which T_(c) is about 17° K.; however, sulfur needs to be compressed to 930,000 atmospheres to become superconducting and 1.6 million atmospheres to achieve a T_(c) of 17° K.

[0004] In type 2 superconductors, the transition between states usually extends over a broader range of temperature, typically 5° K. While type 1 and type 2 T_(c) values overlap, the majority of type 2 materials superconduct at much higher temperatures than any type 1 material and include the so-called “high-T_(c)” superconductors, which are typically ceramic materials. Examples of type 2 superconductors are the elements vanadium (T_(c)=5.4° K.), technetium (T_(c)=7.8° K.) and niobium (T_(c)=9.25° K.). These and all further values of T_(c) will be understood to be at atmospheric pressure.

[0005] The first superconductive wire was composed of Nb_(0.6)Ti_(0.4). The first ceramic superconductor discovered, in 1986, was La_(0.85)Ba_(0.15)CuO₄, with a T_(c) of 35° K.). A common high-T_(c) material is the compound YBa₂Cu₃O₇, often referred to as “YBCO” or “123”. YBCO has a T_(c) of 93° K. The highest T_(c) currently known is 138° K. for the compound Hg_(0.8)Tl_(0.2)Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O_(8.33). Practical applications have been sought for superconductive materials. One use is in power transmission, in which the absence of electrical resistance would significantly reduce power losses. Power transmission over long distances is precluded by the requirement to maintain low temperatures by some means such as using liquid nitrogen. There have been specialized commercial applications; for example, power transmission over relatively short distances through limited spaces such as tunnels is greatly increased by using superconductors, to a degree not achievable by using conventional power cables.

[0006] Other behaviors are associated with superconductivity, in particular the Meissner effect, whereby an article in a superconductive state can strongly deflect a magnetic field; the superconductor and a magnet will produce a mutually repulsive force. This effect is used in magnetic levitation (maglev) transportation systems that are in development.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Hitherto, superconductors have been applied for practical use substantially under steady state conditions; that is, they are maintained in a superconducting state. The present invention discloses engines for producing usable energy by cycling a superconductor repeatedly through a transition region between a superconducting and a non-superconducting state, by alternately cooling and heating the article through T_(c). In the presence of a magnetic field, this causes the strength of the field to vary at a given point. Coupling an energy conversion means with the magnetic field provides a way of generating usable energy. Embodiments are disclosed in which mechanical and electrical energy are generated.

[0008] It will be understood that the term “generating” is used in an accepted sense of producing energy in a usable form, which strictly refers to harnessing one form of energy and converting it to another form which is more appropriate for a contemplated use. For example, chemical or nuclear energy can be released from an appropriate fuel as thermal energy. Thermal energy can be harnessed as mechanical energy to drive a vehicle or an electrical generator. Electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances, then reconverted to other forms of energy such as mechanical or thermal energy as required. Each step in a chain of energy conversion involves some inefficiency with a consequent loss of energy.

[0009] In the present invention a superconductor is heated and cooled through T_(c) so that it cycles between the superconducting and a non-superconducting state, in the presence of a magnetic field produced by a magnet. The magnetic field strength at a given point consequently fluctuates. This fluctuation can be translated into mechanical energy by allowing the superconductor and magnet to repel each other. A movable arm is attached to either the superconductor or the magnet.

[0010] The fluctuation also be translated into electrical energy. An electrical current can be induced in a conductor such as a wire or coil directly exposed to the fluctuating magnetic field strength. Alternatively, a piezoelectric body can be coupled with either the superconductor or the magnet, so that it responds to a fluctuating force therefrom; the electrical conductor can be connected to the piezoelectric body to accept the electrical current therefrom.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011]FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the levitation of a magnet by an article in a superconducting state.

[0012] FIGS. 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) are schematics of an engine for generating mechanical energy from the transition of a superconducting article between a non-superconducting and a superconducting state, the engine being shown in different operating positions.

[0013]FIG. 3 is a resistivity-temperature curve showing a transition of a superconductor through a transition temperature.

[0014]FIG. 4 is a diagram of the engine of FIG. 2 in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention, the engine configured also to generate electrical energy.

[0015] FIGS. 5(a) and 5(b) are diagrams of an engine in accordance with a third embodiment in which the electrical energy is generated by alternately exposing the superconducting article to and shielding it from thermal radiation.

[0016]FIG. 6 shows the engine of FIG. 5 with a mask intended to alternately expose the superconducting article to and shield it from radiation.

[0017]FIG. 7 shows the mask of FIG. 6 configured to have alternate heat absorbing and heat reflecting segments.

[0018] FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) are diagrams of a portion of the engine of FIG. 5 showing an electrically conductive coil embedded in the superconducting article in the non-superconductive and the superconductive state respectively.

[0019]FIG. 9 is a diagram of a portion of the engine of FIG. 5 wherein a grid of conductive wires is disposed into a surface of the superconductive article.

[0020] FIGS. 10(a) and 10(b) are diagrams of an engine in accordance with a fourth embodiment having a liquid crystal shutter controlled by feedback from the released electrical energy, the shutter alternately intercepting and passing radiation.

[0021]FIG. 11 is a diagram of an engine in accordance with a fifth embodiment having a piezoelectric element for releasing the electrical energy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022] In the following description, terms such as “superconductor” or “superconducting article” are understood to refer to an article having a superconducting and a non-superconducting state. The terms are not intended to define whether or not the article is currently in the superconducting state.

[0023] This invention relates to generating energy using a superconducting article 100 by coupling with a magnetic field 102 that changes as a result a transition of the article between the states, such that the magnetic field strength at some given point fluctuates.

[0024] Superconductors when in a superconducting state will strongly interact with a proximate magnetic field 102. This phenomenon is manifested by the well-known Meissner effect, in which a magnet 104 is levitated by the repulsion from the superconducting article 100 below T_(c), as illustrated in FIG. 1. Above T_(c), interaction between the superconductor and the magnetic field is no stronger than with other comparable materials. For example, a ceramic superconductor in the non-superconducting state will behave like a conventional ceramic material.

[0025] Therefore, during the transition of the superconducting article 100 between states, the strength of the magnetic field at a given location will change. It is possible by coupling with the changing magnetic field to extract usable energy. In all embodiments of the invention, the transition is caused by cooling or heating the superconducting article 100 through T_(c).

[0026] A first embodiment of the invention generates mechanical energy. An engine 110, shown schematically in FIG. 2, includes a movable mechanical member such as a beam 114 supported by a fulcrum 112. The superconducting article 100 is attached to one end of the beam 114 and a counterweight 116 is attached to the opposite end.

[0027] The article 100 is suspended directly above the magnet 104 contained in a liquid-nitrogen cooling bath 118, the magnet 104 being oriented vertically, that is, with its poles aligned up and down. The beam 114 is free to swing about the fulcrum 112 between first and second positions. In the first position, the article 100 is spaced well apart from the magnet 104 and also well clear of the cooling bath 118. In the second position, the article 100 is in close proximity with the magnet 104 and is placed in the cooling bath 118, or close enough to be cooled thereby.

[0028] The superconducting article 100 is selected to have a T_(c) higher than the temperature of the cooling bath, which in the present case is defined by the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, 77° K. In other words, the bath 118 can cool the article to below T_(c). In the engine 110, the material selected for the superconducting article is YBa₂Cu₃O₇, (YBCO) which has a T_(c) of 93° K., although it could be any superconducting material with a sufficiently high T_(c). Other possibilities include YBa₄Cu₇O₁₅ (T_(c)=93° K.) Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₇O₉ (T_(c)=110° K.) and HgBa₂Ca2Cu₃O₈ (T_(c)=123-124° K.). The resistivity-temperature curve for YBCO is shown in FIG. 3. The YBCO composition is typical of ceramic superconductors in that it is an insulator above T_(c). Whatever cooling means is used, it must correspond with a superconducting material having an appropriate T_(c). At present, the upper temperature limit of potential coolants must be below 138° K., the highest T_(c) currently known (for Hg_(0.8)Tl_(0.2)Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O_(8.33)).

[0029] The engine 110 works as follows. With the superconducting article 100 above its transition temperature, the beam 114 is balanced so that gravity is just sufficient to bring the article 100 into the cooling bath 118 and into close proximity with the magnet 104. Once the article 100 has cooled below the transition temperature, it reflects the magnetic field of the magnet 104 as a mirror image. This produces a repulsive force, so that the superconducting article 100 moves away from the magnet 104 and out of the cooling bath 118. The ambient temperature being higher than the transition temperature, the article 100 warms up sufficiently to lose its superconductivity. It no longer reflects the magnetic field of the magnet 104, and the repulsive force decays. Gravity brings the article 100 back into the cooling bath 118 and into close proximity with the magnet 104, for the cycle to be repeated. The beam 114 can continue to oscillate indefinitely as long as the cooling bath is maintained below T_(c). In effect, energy originally consumed in liquefying the nitrogen is released as mechanical energy.

[0030] In a second embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the counterweight 116 is a second magnet 120 next to which is disposed an electrically conductive wire 122, which could be a coil. With oscillation of the beam 114, the second magnet 120 moves relative to the wire 122, and a resulting variation in magnetic flux 121 at the wire 122 induces an alternating electrical current therein detectable with a meter 124.

[0031] In a third embodiment, an assembly 126 is constructed wherein the superconducting article 100 and a magnet 104 are fixedly spaced by a distance within which the undeviated magnetic field of the magnet 104 extends to the superconducting article 100. The conductive wire or coil 122 is disposed in the undeviated magnetic field, as illustrated in FIG. 5(a). When the article 100 is cooled to below T_(c), it becomes superconducting and reflects the magnetic field of the magnet 104, thus setting up a mutual repulsion. The resultant deviated magnetic field between the article 100 and the magnet 104 is illustrated in FIG. 5(b).

[0032] Thus, an alternating current is induced in the wire 122 as it is exposed to a varying magnetic field when the article 100 goes through the transition between states.

[0033] This effect could be executed by intermittent thermal irradiation of the article 100, such that it would be above T_(c) when irradiated and below T_(c) when not irradiated. This would be particularly achievable in a space environment, as illustrated in FIG. 5. The assembly 126 would be allowed to spin so that the superconducting article 100 alternately faced towards and away from the sun 150.

[0034] The third embodiment could be modified to provide for the superconducting article 100 to face the sun at all times, being alternately exposed to solar radiation and shielded by a movable mask 140. This could for example be a disc rotating about an axis perpendicular to the exposed face of the article, the disc having alternate open and solid segments as in FIG. 6, or it could be a slat (not illustrated) rotating about an axis generally parallel to the exposed face of the article. The rotating disc might also be entirely solid with alternating heat reflective segments 142 and heat absorbing segments 144, as in FIG. 7. This could provide an advantage compared with an array of conventional solar cells, for example since the solid disc would provide protection from damage by foreign particles of space debris.

[0035] A modified structure of the third embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 8. Here, the wire or coil 122 is embedded inside the article 100, as can be done in the case of a ceramic superconductor by conventional ceramic forming techniques. In FIG. 8(a), the article is in the non-superconducting state, with the magnetic field 102 passing through the article undeviated. In FIG. 8(b) the article is in the superconducting state and the magnetic field 102 is deviated around the article. In another modification shown in FIG. 9 a series of fine conductive wires in the form of a grid 128 could be pressed into the surface of the superconducting article 100 which could be in the form of a thin layer.

[0036] The generation of alternating electrical current in the coil 122 by cycling the article 100 between the superconducting and non-superconducting states is analogous to what occurs in a conventional electric generator, whereby a current is generated in electrically conductive windings which move relartive to a magnetic field. A given portion of the windings “sees” a varying magnetic field strength as the windings move.

[0037] In a fourth embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 10, part of the current generated in the wire or coil 122 could be used in a feedback mode to actuate a liquid crystal shutter 130 which alternately intercepts and passes solar radiation directed towards the superconducting article. The shutter 130 could be controlled by a conventional rectifying circuit 132 that would deliver a unidirectional current varying between zero and some upper limit. With the current at the upper limit, as in FIG. 10(a), the shutter 130 would be dark, therefore intercepting radiation and allowing the article to cool below T_(c). With the current at zero, as in FIG. 10(b) the shutter 130 would be clear, thus passing radiation to the article so that it would heat to above T_(c).

[0038] In a fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 11, electrical power is generated by via a piezoelectric body 134. The superconducting article 100 and the magnet 104 are spaced within interactive range of each other, and either of them connected to the piezoelectric body so that it can exert a varying pressure thereon in response to article 100 going in and out of the superconducting state. The wire 122 is connected to the piezoelectric body 134 and the electrical current generated therein can be registered on the meter 124.

[0039] The various embodiments and modifications describe above are not intended to be exhaustive. For example, any embodiment could be used in combination with any appropriate masking or shuttering device. While the invention has been shown and described with particularity, it will be appreciated that various changes and modifications may suggest themselves to one having ordinary skill in the art upon being apprised of the present invention. It is intended to encompass all such changes and modifications as fall within the scope and spirit of the appended claims. 

I claim:
 1. A method for generating energy using a superconductor, comprising: (a) generating a magnetic field having a field strength; (b) locating the superconductor so it can reversibly interact with the magnetic field; (c) causing the superconductor to change between a superconducting and a non-superconducting state, thus causing a change in the magnetic field strength; and (d) coupling the magnetic field with a movable member responsive to the changing magnetic field strength.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling and heating the superconductor through a transition temperature T_(c) defined by a transition between the states.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising cooling the superconductor by immersing it in a cooling bath and heating it by allowing it to emerge from the cooling bath.
 4. The method of claim 3, including using liquid nitrogen for the cooling bath and further including using a YBCO superconductor.
 5. A method for generating energy using a superconductor, comprising: (a) generating a magnetic field having a field strength; (b) locating the superconductor so it can reversibly interact with the magnetic field; (c) causing the superconductor to change between a superconducting and a non-superconducting state, thus causing a change in the magnetic field strength; and (d) coupling the magnetic field with an electrical conductor responsive to the changing magnetic field strength, thus generating an electrical current in the electrical conductor.
 6. A method for generating energy, comprising: (a) generating a magnetic field with a magnet, the magnetic field having a magnetic field strength; (b) disposing a superconducting article so it can interact with the magnetic field, the article having a non-superconductive state above T_(c) and a superconductive state below T_(c); (c) cooling and heating the superconducting article through T_(c), thus causing a fluctuation in the magnetic field strength; and (d) coupling the magnetic field with a movable member responsive to the fluctuating magnetic field strength.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising allowing one of the magnet and the article to reversibly move between a near and a distal position relative to the other.
 8. The method of claim 7, including connecting the member with one of the magnet and the article which is allowed to move.
 9. A method for generating energy, comprising: (a) generating a magnetic field with a magnet, the magnetic field having a magnetic field strength; (b) disposing a superconducting article so it can interact with the magnetic field, the article having a non-superconductive state above T_(c) and a superconductive state below T_(c); (c) cooling and heating the article through T_(c), thus causing a fluctuation in the magnetic field strength; and (d) coupling the magnetic field with an electrical conductor responsive to the fluctuating magnetic field strength, thus generating an electrical current in the electrical conductor.
 10. The method of claim 9, including generating the electrical current in the electrical conductor by exposing it directly to the fluctuating magnetic field strength.
 11. The method of claim 9, including generating the electrical current in the electrical conductor by coupling a piezoelectric body to one of the magnet and the superconducting article so that the piezoelectric body can respond to a change in a force therefrom, the change in force caused by the fluctuating magnetic field strength, and connecting the electrical conductor to the piezoelectric body.
 12. The method of claim 10, further comprising embedding the electrical conductor in the article.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from a selected source of thermal radiation.
 14. The method of claim 9, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from solar radiation in space.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from solar radiation in space by enabling it to revolve so that it alternately faces towards and away from the sun.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from solar radiation in space using a mask which alternately intercepts and passes the solar radiation.
 17. The method of claim 14, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from solar radiation in space using a mask which has heat absorbing and heat reflecting surfaces.
 18. The method of claim 9, further comprising alternately exposing the article to and shielding it from solar radiation using a liquid crystal shutter capable of responding to feedback from the electrical current.
 19. An engine comprising: (a) a magnetic field; (b) a superconducting article disposed so it can reversibly interact with the magnetic field, the superconductor having a transition between a superconducting state wherein it distorts the magnetic field and non-superconducting state wherein it does not distort the magnetic field; and (c) a movable member responsive to changes between the distorted and non-distorted conditions of the magnetic field.
 20. The engine of claim 19, wherein the magnetic field originates at a first magnet, and the superconducting article is movable relative to the first magnet.
 21. The engine of claim 20, comprising also a second magnet attached to the movable member, and further comprising an electrical conductor adjacent the second magnet, so that the second magnet when in motion exposes the wire to a varying magnetic flux and electrically energizes the electrical conductor.
 22. An engine comprising: (a) a superconducting article having a transition temperature T_(c); (b) a magnet which can interact with the superconducting article so that the magnet has an undistorted magnetic field when the superconducting article is above T_(c), and a distorted magnetic field when the superconducting article is below T_(c); (c) a means of changing the temperature of the superconducting article between temperatures above and below T_(c); and (d) an electrical conductor which produces an electrical current in response to the change of the magnetic field between the distorted and non-distorted conditions.
 23. The engine of claim 22, wherein the electrical conductor is directly exposed to the magnetic field.
 24. The engine of claim 22, including also a piezoelectric body responsive to a change in pressure exerted by one of the magnet and the article, the electrical conductor being connected to the piezoelectric body.
 25. The engine of claim 22, wherein the means of changing the article between temperatures above and below T_(c) is a movable mask.
 26. The engine of claim 25, wherein the movable mask has open and closed segments.
 27. The engine of claim 25, wherein the movable mask has heat absorbing and heat reflecting segments.
 28. The engine of claim 22, wherein the means of changing the temperature of the superconducting article between temperatures above and below T_(c) is a capability of the superconducting article to revolve between positions wherein it faces towards and away from the sun.
 29. The engine of claim 22, wherein the means of changing the temperature of the superconducting article between temperatures above and below T_(c) is a liquid crystal shutter capable of responding to feedback from the electrical current.
 30. The engine of claim 23, wherein the electrical conductor is a coil.
 31. The engine of claim 23, wherein the electrical conductor is embedded in the superconducting article.
 32. The engine of claim 23, wherein the electrical conductor is a wire grid attached to a surface of the article.
 33. A method for generating energy using an interaction between a superconductor and a magnetic field with a field strength, the superconductor being capable of a reversible transition between a superconducting and a non-superconducting state, the method comprising: (a) cyclically effecting a plurality of the transitions between the states, thus causing the magnetic field strength at a given point to fluctuate; and (b) coupling the magnetic field with a member which is reversibly movable in response to the fluctuation in magnetic field strength.
 34. A method for generating energy using an interaction between a superconductor and a magnetic field with a field strength, the superconductor being capable of a reversible transition between a superconducting and a non-superconducting state, the method comprising: (a) cyclically effecting a plurality of the transitions between the states, thus causing the magnetic field strength at a given point to fluctuate; and (b) coupling the magnetic field with an electrical conductor which generates an alternating electrical current in response to the fluctuations in magnetic field strength. 